By Maribeth Keane and Jessica Lewis — June 10th,
2009
Noreen Marshall is the
curator of the Dress, Doll, and Childhood collections at the Victoria and
Albert Museum of Childhood in London. Recently, we spoke with her about the
history of dolls, the various materials used and types of dolls that were made,
and how dolls have evolved over time. Noreen can be contacted via the Victoria and Albert’s
Museum of Children microsite, which is a
member of our Hall of Fame.
We have a very small team here at the Victoria and Albert Museum of
Childhood, so we all have to do lots of different things. I don’t look after
all the dolls, but I oversee the
collections. I do the waxes and the woodens. I’ve got colleagues who are in
charge of the cloth ones and the plastic ones
and the porcelain ones and so on. I used to do all of it. When Caroline
Goodfellow took early retirement about 10 or 11, years ago, I had to take on
the whole doll collection as well as all my other things. The costume and the
child care collections are pretty big on their own. I enjoyed doing it, but I’m
getting towards the last part of my museum career, so I have to get some of my
younger colleagues involved again.
Young Girl Doll made by Henry Pierotti in about
1870
I’ve worked
for the Victoria and Albert Museum since 1974. I loved dolls as a child—I still
do—but I never thought I’d become a doll curator. Caroline, who was a consummate
doll curator, actually disliked dolls as a child. But dolls get you. You can’t
resist them, really. Some people don’t like them, and I find that quite
strange. We’ve got a lovely wax baby doll from 1900 in mint condition. It was
lying in a box on the table and someone said, “Take it away from me. I can’t
bear dolls, and I certainly can’t bear wax dolls.” Oh, dear. They’re not that
scary, are they?
When I was a
child, I collected dolls with costumes from different countries. Lots of people
did then. If you knew somebody who was going to Spain, they’d bring you back a
Spanish doll in a Spanish costume.
All sorts of
people like different kinds of dolls, and I think it’s just terrific that there
are so many collections and collectors around. There have been so many
different dolls in the last 50 years and so much marketing has gone into them,
it’s almost impossible to keep up. That’s why I think a lot of people who
collect dolls specialize.
For example,
Olivia Bristol at Christie’s is the president of the Doll Club of Great
Britain. She told me that when she started working for Christie’s, everybody
collected wax dolls, but then people got so frightened about how to preserve
them that they started to go for the ceramic ones instead (most people who
collect dolls collect ceramic dolls). But all dolls are breakable, even plastic
ones.
Collectors Weekly: When were wax dolls first made?
Marshall: They started right at the
end of 18th century. It’s hard for us to realize now just how shocking wax
must’ve been for people who saw them for the first time. They tend to discolor
and crack over time, but when they were new, wax dolls were much more lifelike
than anything people were used to. Before that, there were only wooden or cloth
dolls, and occasionally poor children made their own from odds and ends. They
would put sticks together and make a doll-like thing.
The poorer
children would have to be more ingenious. They made them themselves, or their
parents or older brothers did. If you didn’t come from a family with a lot of
money and you didn’t live in a town, you’d be very much thrown back on your
resources for playthings.
Dolls were
often the main plaything for children, but there were also dolls that were kept
as family relics. There’s a doll in this museum called the Old Pretender Doll.
She was given by King James II or his son to a family who were loyal to the
Stuart cause. That doll would probably never have been a plaything—it was
preserved and revered because it came from the King.
Collectors Weekly: Do a lot of people collect the
19th-century dolls?
Marshall: Yes. That’s when dolls
really took off because of mass-production. You had people like John Edwards
who had a factory set up and turned out dolls in large numbers. Before that, if
you were making wooden dolls, for example, they had to be turned and carved and
painted, all fairly labor-intensive things and done in a workshop rather than a
factory.
The 19th
century was the age of industrialization with doll making. That’s when it
started. Other people made dolls professionally before, but they couldn’t have
turned out as many dolls as, say, Simon & Halbig would have. Simon &
Halbig was one of the biggest firms in Germany, making its own dolls as well as
ceramic doll heads for other doll manufacturers to their client’s
specifications.
Dolls were used to spread fashions.
Dolls were used to spread fashions.
Collectors Weekly: What do the numbers on the back
of an antique doll mean?
Marshall: One is its mold mark, the
other is the size of the doll. The heads and bodies were usually made in two
different places, so the numbers helped to match up the right sizes. The two
pieces might have been made in the same factory but by different people. If you
don’t join the correct head size to its corresponding body, the result looks
extremely odd.
Collectors Weekly: Were wax and ceramics the two
major materials used for dolls in the 19th century?
The Old Pretender Doll made about 1680. Said to
have belonged to King James II at Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh.
Marshall: Yes, I’d say so. You
still had some wooden dolls around, and you can’t necessarily say what people
were using to make homemade dolls. There were still cloth
dolls at that time, but they were often either made at
home or made very cheaply.
Into the 20th century, you get people making art craft dolls. Some of
the German
dolls from this period are almost like sculpture. There
were still wax dolls around the 20th century as well. I can’t remember
precisely when Frances Hodgson Burnett wrote A
Little Princess, but the little girl in that classic children's book had a wax doll.
The Pierottis
were still making dolls in the early 20th century, but I think in general by
then most manufacturers were principally producing ceramic dolls rather than
wax ones. And then there were new experimental materials like celluloid.
Composition
dolls started in the 19th century. They’re almost a byproduct of the wooden
dolls. Although every manufacturer had its own recipe, the composition was made
principally from wood pulp and mixed with things like plaster, egg shell, and
other materials to give it a certain amount of shine. Although the composition
is relatively unbreakable, it doesn’t always hold up over time—it often cracks.
But if the composition recipe is produced just right, it is very tough, so a
lot of people preferred to give young children composition dolls with cloth
bodies.
Collectors Weekly: Did the materials vary by
region?
Marshall: I think the Germans
mostly used ceramics and the English mostly used wax, and then you’ve got the
Americans and the Germans making composition dolls. There were ceramic dolls in
England, too, but not so many.
One of the things
that did not vary much, at least at first, was doll design. For example, many
of the people who were making dolls in the States were of German origin or were
familiar with the German doll industry. You certainly have very distinctly
American dolls like Izannah Walker’s, but I think it took a while for the mass
production side to catch up. Some manufacturers’ dolls are more immediately
identifiable than others, and some companies started in Germany before going to
the States. Both countries were big enough to export, that was the thing.
If you look at the French
dolls’ high status and high price, you’ll see why they
just couldn’t compete with the Germans in the end. The French made ceramic
dolls at the same time as Germany, but never on the same scale and not as
industrially. Also, the French dolls always had slightly more cachet. They were
supposed to be posher and more expensive and better produced. They certainly
had wonderful clothes, whereas I think many of the German dolls were sold
either naked or wearing a chemise. The idea behind those German dolls was that
the child learned to sew by making clothes for it (and of course it was more
satisfying for a child to make a small dress for a doll than a big dress for
herself because it took far less material and it was quicker). The French dolls
were often sold with beautiful clothes.
But that’s
only in some cases. Generalizations are always a problem. Certainly once you’re
into the late 19th and early 20th centuries, you get some very
characteristically American dolls like the Kamkin dolls or the Martha Jenks
Chase dolls.
Collectors Weekly: Who were some of the major doll
manufacturers during the 19th century?
Marshall: The two biggest ones in
Germany were definitely Armand Marseille and Simon & Halbig. They were
bigger by far than anybody else. In France, you’ve got the Societé Francaise de
Bébés et Jouets, or SFBJ, but that was really an amalgam of doll manufacturers
trying to be economical. Jumeau and Bru are the two best known individual
French makers. In England, there were a lot of different people making wax
dolls. There was Lucy Peck, the Pierottis, and the Montanaris, to name just
three firms.
Collectors Weekly: Is it common for the wax dolls
to survive?
Marshall: Far more than you think.
Although we tend to think of wax as a really fragile material, it can actually be
quite tough. What it really can’t stand is huge variations in temperature.
People always talk about the dangers of wax dolls and heat, but in fact they’re
just as badly affected by great cold. If your wax doll is somewhere cold and
the temperatures plunge overnight, that can crack the wax just as surely as
being overheated can damage it.
At least one
manufacturer, Charles Marsh, made dolls that he said were suitable for the
tropics. Putting them in front of the fire wouldn’t do them any good, but
merely being in a hot climate wouldn’t necessarily melt the wax doll,
especially if it were kept at a steady temperature. So yes, wax dolls are quite
easily damaged in a way, but then so is just about everything else.
That’s one of
the things that’s been holy grail of doll manufacturing—the unbreakable doll.
But that really doesn’t exist because even plastic dolls break, and in recent
years, some of the soft vinyls in particular are decomposing and the dolls are
starting to give off an ammonia kind of smell.
Collectors Weekly: Were the features on antique
dolls realistic?
Marshall: They weren’t realistic to
start with. They were a bit like portraiture. Portraiture is not always an
exact science. It’s sometimes an impression of what the maker or painter thinks
its subject ought to look like. Our Old Pretender doll, for instance, is not in
proper proportions. Actually, proportions are something which are always skewed
in dolls. They’re often quite unrealistic. They may have tiny feet and hands
but very big heads. The most money went into producing the heads, so I think
that was why they were often much bigger. The hands and feet on these dolls are
so tiny that they wouldn’t be able to stand upright if they were real, but the
feet didn’t matter, particularly when they’re wearing long dresses, so some
were very crudely finished.
Collectors Weekly: Did dolls have specific names?
Kewpie Doll made by German manufacturer J.D.
Kestner in 1930.
Marshall: That started in the 19th
century. Lots of manufacturers gave their dolls names like My Darling Baby, My
Lovely Baby, My Baby, My Dream Baby. The My Dream Baby dolls were terribly
popular and they made them in all sorts of different sizes.
Then there
were the mechanical dolls that really weren’t for children to play with. They
were often for grown women as prestige objects or for families. A lot of them
had china heads as well. Different countries made them, but mostly France. They
would be mounted on a box and you would wind them up and they’d move. Some of
them performed quite complex actions. Some of them would glide along the
floors, sometimes raising their arms. We got a Lambert doll recently; she had
lost her costume, so we were trying to work out what she could’ve worn by
looking at her actions. It’s really quite difficult. They also made an
incredibly complicated doll that represents a little girl trying to catch a
butterfly. It shows you the butterfly moving and the doll trying to put the net
down to catch it.
And of course
you had the decorative boudoir dolls. They wore fancy costumes and and were
meant to be displayed on a bed. In the end, they often got played with by
children, but initially they were just to sit on the bed and look decorative.
There was a big revival of those dolls printed on cotton sheets in the 1960s
and ’70s. Lots of craft shops sold the pattern for the doll and clothes printed
out on a roll that you could make.
Collectors Weekly: Could you tell me a bit about
Kewpie?
Marshall: Kewpie
dolls were based on illustrations by Rose O’Neill in the
Ladies’ Home Journal. They’re ceramic and they have Rose O’Neill’s name,
usually on the feet. Of course there were a lot of imitations. Apparently the
original Kewpies were produced by Borgfeldt, which was a New York company, and
I think they were subsequently made by a German doll manufacturer called
Kestner.
Dolls like
these were often treated as mascots. They sat on your bedroom shelf and looked
cute. But some people did play with them. You just have to be a bit careful.
The characterization of a Kewpie is this naked, cute child, so it’s slightly
going against the character to put clothes on it, but of course little girls
did dress them up and treated them as dolls in the ordinary way. The only bits
that move are the arms, so they’re fairly solid.
Collectors Weekly: What are some other doll types?
Marshall: There was the multi-faced
doll, which was a doll with a head that is molded with three faces. You just
turned the head around to change the doll’s face. They were first made in wax,
and then they progressed to ceramic and plastic. They look jolly bizarre if you
take the bonnets off because part of the illusion depends on the far-forward
bonnet to cover the rest of the faces.
We’ve got wax
dolls representing some of Queen Victoria’s children—one of Prince Albert
Edwards, one of Prince Arthur, and one of Princess Louise. Madame Montanari
specialized in those. And I think there are some dolls in collections from the
States which are supposed to represent Martha Washington.
There are
also wizard dolls and gypsy dolls, just about any character you like. People
can project anything they like onto a doll. Maybe that’s one of the reasons why
they’re so popular.
The bisque
dolls come in during the second half of the 19th century.
They eventually took over from the wax. For a long time, both were produced,
but there were more of the china and ceramic ones. Certainly more survived.
Collectors Weekly: How many dolls do you have in
the collection at the museum?
Wax Boy Doll made about 1860.
Marshall: We figure it’s about
8,000. Some of them were dolls that were bought at auction. Some were
bequeathed to us, sometimes from a collector, sometimes from somebody who
wanted a good home for a treasured childhood playmate.
We can’t
possibly display them all. In fact, we had to reduce when we redid the displays
in 2003 and 2006. We haven’t got as many dolls on display, but we’re about to
redo things again so that there will be more. We’ve just redone our costume
display, and I want to put more dolls in there. Many of them are on display for
a long time and the light fades the clothes. Collectors are often interested in
different maker’s dolls, so they would often prefer the dolls to be shown
without clothes on, but the general public likes them best with clothes, so you
have to try and satisfy both.
Even though I am a curator, I would really hate it if all the good dolls
were in museums. For example, I collect children’s
books. One organization I used to belong to sent out a notice saying, “Your
members must start willing and bequeathing their collections to museums and
libraries or they won’t be preserved.” But at the same time, they were
wondering how they could interest young people in collecting. So if we give out
all of our collections to museums, there will be no books available for younger
collectors to acquire. Same with the dolls. I think it’s brilliant that there
are still so many fine ones out there.
Collectors Weekly: How do people determine what
type of dolls to collect?
Marshall: Some of them are only
interested in ceramic dolls. Others are only interested in American dolls. Some
are only interested in dolls that represent famous people. Others might collect
just one manufacturer. Some dolls are always going to be out of a collector’s
reach unless they’ve got lots of money because they’re so scarce. Another
problem is that people these days forge dolls, which is something that I’m sure
nobody ever thought of 50 years ago.
There was
talk of a gang that was going around to museums and trade fairs and stealing
dolls, not so much for the value of the dolls but so that they could replicate
them exactly and pass off their copies as the real things. So there has been a
certain amount of fakery. We have three wooden dolls called the School for
Scandal dolls. We bought them thinking they were genuine 18th-century dolls,
but they were made in the 1930s.
Collectors Weekly: If a doll isn’t marked, how do
you identify its maker?
Marshall: If your doll doesn’t have
a mark, you need to consider what it’s made of. If it’s a wax doll, it can’t be
a Kamkin doll. Likewise, if it’s a cloth
doll, it can’t be a Jules Steiner doll. There are manufacturers who cross
over, like Kestner who went from bisque to celluloid for instance, but there
aren’t that many. Most manufacturers are associated with one material.
Collectors Weekly: If somebody is new to the world
of dolls, what advice would you give them?
Novelty Egg Doll in a box made 1870 – 1889
Marshall: Collect what you like. If
a thing doesn’t engage you but you buy it anyway for its potential value, it’s
always much more possible that you’re going to be deceived and it’s not going
to be quite what you think it is. If you want to collect dolls, use books and
the Internet. Take advantage of all the wonderful color photographs that are
out there so that you know what you’re looking at.
Go around and
look at sales and auctions. Even if you don’t want to bid, you can actually go
and look at the dolls and handle them and talk to people.
Look into the
United Federation of Doll Clubs in the States and the Doll Club of Great
Britain. They have websites and publications.
Collectors Weekly: What are some good books about
dolls?
Marshall: I still think that the
good books are very worth saving up for. One of my favorites is Mary Hillier’s The
History of Wax Dolls. You think, “Well, this says copyright 1955.
Surely somebody must have written another book since.” But this really is a
great book.
Caroline Goodfellow’s The Ultimate Doll
Book is good, too,
because she divides up the subject by materials. She does wooden dolls,
composition dolls, poured wax, porcelain, bisque, and so on. It’s a very
enjoyable book with lots of illustrations. The Coleman Collector’s
Encyclopaedia of Dolls is great, too.
Collectors Weekly: Is there anything else you’d
like to say?
Marshall: Dolls were used to spread fashions. I’ve even heard of dolls
being used to smuggle intelligence in times of war. They’ve been around as long
as we have, practically.
I think dolls are sometimes a way for
children to be in charge. I have heard people express anxiety that they don’t
encourage affections, but I think they do. They’ve provided us with all sorts
of usages throughout all the centuries, and people have derived a great deal of
pleasure out of them.
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